Time Physics Thoughts
Wellsian Temporal Theory | Time Trax | Bohm's Quantum Alternative 1/2 | Bohm's Quantum Alternative 2/2 | Spacelike vs Timelike | Tetra Space Coordinates | Source of Excess Energy | CTC Construct Prototype | Views of Time Travel | Tempus Codex | Space-Time | Is Time Travel Possible | Time Travel on Agenda | Time Machines | Why Time Travel is PossibleSPACE
Einstein said that three dimensional space may be curved and could be closed into a sphere or a torus. It would likely have a radius of curvature of approximately: RE = GMuc2 = 6.4 x 1026 cm, where G is the constant of gravity and Mu is the mass of the universe.
In 1926 two scientists Theodore Kaluza and Oskar Klein suggested that electromagnetic theory could be explained if space had a fourth dimension composed of a multitude of compacted space bubbles whose radii of curvature approximate the Planck length: d = sqrt(hG/c3) = 1.61 x 10-33 cm. A Kaluza-Klein compacted space bubble is represented by Planck's constant of action h. Which is the unit of angular momentum, h = mcy, where mc is the electron momentum and y is the Compton wavelength of an electron.
Planck=s action represents one rotation cycle of an electron. Each such cycle of action is thought to produce a compact space bubble that is emitted from an electron to translate through three-space at less than c. Such action bubbles have a slight mass so that an acceleration or deceleration of the bubble flow, represents an electrostatic force. Motion of the source electrons and hence the flow produces an orthogonal magnetic field. An acceleration or oscillation of the charge source generates an electromagnetic field that moves at c.
Eugene and I agree with this and go a bit further. We assume that the four fundamental forces: the electromagnetic and gravitational forces plus the strong and weak nuclear forces can each be represented by a compacted space dimension. This makes physical space seven dimensional.
We further assume that these compacted spaces (sometimes called Calabi-Yau space) make physical space into a super fluid ether.
We also assume that the ether fluid produces two independent flows. One which we call charge space is a manifestation of the flow properties of the electrostatic and strong force compacted dimensions. We call these compacted bubbles geoids. They are probably two dimensional toruses (doughnut shaped surfaces).
Charge space geoids flow out of positive charge spinning one way and out of negative charge spinning the other. The flows start out at near velocity c inside the particle expand out through the particle and decelerate generating an all prevailing electrostatic force field. This field is the charge space (ether). Whenever the flows get together they cancel creating an attraction between opposite charges.
We call the other ether flow gravity space. It may exists as very tiny three dimensional blobs which are the compacted space bubbles from gravity and the weak nuclear force. The size of these blobs could approximate the gravitational radius of an electron: s = Gm/c2 = 6.75 x 10-56 cm, where the m, in this case, is the mass of an electron. We suspect these tiny geons are Higgs particles, with a mass something like 10-191 grams.
The assumption that space is composed of compacted space bubbles with a slight mass accords with quantum mechanics; because, empty space is commonly thought to generate quantum fluctuations that give it a small energy or mass.
The mass of space could generate a positive cosmological constant (repulsion) that, like Einstein suggested in his 1916 general theory, could balance the attraction of gravity, and keep the radius of 3-space curvature constant. (See Steven Weinbergs, "Dreams of a Final Theory", page 224, Random House, 1992).
It is not usually recognized that the observed redshift of light from distant sources could be due to the collapse of the time dimensions, of space-time, as well as it can be from the generally assumed expansion of 3-space. (see Figures 7&8 from our book the Kalen Universe, on our web site the, "kalenuniverse.com".
If the reader wishes to follow our concept of space flows in more detail, he can check out the summary link or the link to chapter 6 of our book in the above web site.
He would see how and why gravity space geons appear instantly out of wormholes between matter and antimatter galaxies; this causes an outer space repulsion (Einstein's cosmological constant) between opposite types of matter. This repulsion separates the universe into equal parts of matter and antimatter, and helps explain the missing mass dark matter problem for cosmologists.
In brief: gravity space geons in outer space converge and accelerate. The acceleration produces gravity and the convergence produces mass particles. At the center of each particle the flow at velocity c produces a black wormhole, through which we postulate that the geons instantly transfer to a mirror image of the particle. This image occurs at another place in space-time which we call the shadow world. However, space and time does not exist in the wormhole between the particle and its mirror image. Hence these images are simply a continuance of the real world particles in an unseen shadow world.
The fast moving geons at the center of the shadow world image particles expand outward and decelerate producing a weak nuclear force in the particle. The weak force is similar to the electromagnetic force and helps produce particle decays. The deceleration reduces the G flow to zero near the particle surface. We postulate the zero motion generates a wormhole that allows the stoped geons to transfer instantly out through macro space to an interface between matter and antimatter galaxies.
Again, the geon flows start in outer space at zero velocity then converge and accelerate down toward fermion particles. The acceleration creates gravity and the convergence gives inertial mass to the shadow world particles. Geons spinning one way converge toward matter while those spinning the other converge toward antimatter.
TIME
What is time? Time is mysterious and hard to define. In this paper we will limit our discussion to physical time, because psychological time seems even more mysterious.
Dirk Brower of MIT (who consulted with Kalen when he worked at the Naval Research Laboratory) characterized time as the great undefined variable of physics.
We have also heard time defined as that which is measured by a clock. A clock measures some steady motion, or change, such as the evolution or decay of a physical quantity; like mass, energy, pressure, entropy and etc. The change of the quantity could be in space as position, size or shape.
Einstein suggested that a light beam bouncing back and forth between two mirrors would be a perfect clock. A light beam is a perfectly steady motion.
Motion usually implies the translation of mass particles through space, but if the motion is a light beam no mass is involved. Light is just an oscillatory motion of space. So a unit of time for this motion would be a unit of space. Likewise, if as we say, mass can be defined as the convergence of space toward a wormhole in space, then again a unit of motion or time is a unit of space. This may seem a bit vague so we will give one more example.
We propose that: all motion is wave motion.
In order to explain this concept, we first refer to the basic postulate #2 of the KALEN UNIVERSE: That a condition of zero time opens a wormhole, which is an instantaneous path to another location in space-time (see the link to chapter 3 (Postulates) of our book in the kalenuniverse.com web site).
In relativity theory, zero time occurs at the velocity c of light. We assume in our #2 postulate that zero time also occurs at zero velocity (no motion no time).
Electromagnetic waves move at c and have zero time along the line of motion. However, orthogonal to the line of motion, the electric and magnetic fields move (oscillate) at less than c. When, however, a magnetic or electric field goes through a maximum there is a moment of zero motion. This occurs for any sine wave motion. Wormholes can occur at these wave peaks.
Electromagnetic waves expand spherically as retarded waves from a charge source. Under Maxwell=s equations normal (retarded) waves are received after they are emitted. Whereas, his advanced waves have negative time and, we predict, they converge through wormholes and are received at the same time as they start. You see that, when a wave front reaches a target charge (electron) it triggers a wormhole all along the wave front. The retarded wave collapses instantly through the wormhole (as an advanced wave) onto the target charge. One can often plot this expansion and collapse as a straight line from the source to the target. You see a photon does not move as a particle along a line but rather moves as a wave function from source to target.
The two hole experiment of quantum mechanics shows that not only do bosons (photons) travel as waves but so do fermion particles such as electrons. See our article Quantum Weirdness. This paper along with Questionable Cosmological Assumptions, are good background articles to read along with the present paper.
Inertial particles (fermions) contain both charge and mass. They are both electromagnetic and gravitational, so are composed of both electromagnetic and gravity waves.
Eugene and I postulate that these tiny gravity waves are a sub harmonic of electromagnetic waves, but are much, much weaker, smaller and more complex. A mathematical theory of such tiny gravity waves has not been written.
Our suggestion is a new action constant k which we call the kalen. The constant k = mcd where mc is the electron momentum and d is the Planck length: d = sqrt(hG/c3) = 1.61 x 10-33 cm, where h is the Planck unit of angular momentum and G is the constant of gravity. This k unit should give a sub harmonic of quantum theory for gravity waves. This would reduce the indeterminacy of quantum theory and explain Einstein=s hidden variables.
However, a mathematical beginning for a theory of gravity waves (through the M theory of super strings) is on the horizon. Incidentally, in string theory all the particles are generated by (composed of) vibrations of tiny strings of space or of membranes or blobs such as our geoids or geons.
Any mass such as the earth is composed of quantum particles (fermions) which are just complex wave packet particles, that move as waves much like photons move. They just make more starts and stops and so travel slower than photons. Fermion particles do not need a target to move to. They just reproduce themselves in time as they move along.
Our all motion is wave motion idea, with its instantly collapsing advanced waves and multiple micro starts and stops, may seem far out, but is actually quite simple. When it is compared to the concept of the various boson messenger particles of quantum mechanics.
Boson messenger particles can be better visualized as flow properties of space. That is, a force field between two objects is easily visualized as due to the appearance or disapearance of space between the objects.
If all motion is wave motion and time is motion then again, the unit of time should be a unit of waves (space).
In the first section of this article (SPACE) we proposed two compacted units of space. One which we call geoids for charge (electromagnetic) space. The other we call geons for gravity space. The geoids are unit electromagnetic cycles (from one electron) given by Planck=s constant of action (angular momentum): h = mcy where y is the Compton wavelength; of an electron. A geon is a unit gravity cycle from one electron given by kalen=s constant of action k = mcd and, as we said, d is the Planck length.
If the basic increments of space and time are the same, then geoids and geons are also basic units of time.
However, time dimensions are not quite the same as space dimensions.
In general relativity the time dimension or dimensions are orthogonal to the space dimensions. This is indicated mathematically by multiplying the time dimensions by sqrt(-1). Multiplying by -1 gives a 180o rotation and multiplying by sqrt(-1) gives a 90o rotation.
Both; space and time are compounded from the basic units of action: the geoids h and the geons k. Gene and I assume that h and k are the ultimate units of existence and are more basic than length, time or mass, even though, h and k appear to have the math dimensions of ML2/T. Consequently, trying to measure the length, time or mass of quantum particles in terms of h and k leads to Heisenberg=s uncertainty principle. Even though the discovery of a sub gravity quantum realm, say through use of the Kalen constant k, could largely remove indeterminacy from quantum mechanics, a certain amount of uncertainty would remain. We like to think that it allows intelligent beings a certain amount of leeway in choosing their lives.
One ordinarily thinks of the evolution of space as due to the time dimension. In spite of this, I have tried to show that space and time are on an equal basis as far as change and evolution are concerned.
The big bang theory assumes that space-time is expanding spherically from a point singularity. This gives a beginning to time some 10 to 20 billion years ago. An amazing amount of work has been done on this theory. It gives a creditable evolution of matter from a very hot start to the present very cold 3 degree background temperature. But it has run into serious problems with observation, due, we believe, to certain long ingrained questionable assumptions. See our link to Questionable Cosmological Assumptions.
For one thing, we assume that space-time is not spherical but rather is an oscillating torus, that expands and contracts between two fixed limits set by a fixed radius of curvature of 3-space. In order for this doughnut metric to evolve as we suggest, time must also be three dimensional. This makes space-time six dimensional; or rather ten dimensional when one considers the four compacted force dimensions.
This geometry is complicated but easier to picture than ten dimensional string theory. See Figures 7 and 8 in our figures link, a page of the kalenuniverse.com web site.
If the time and space dimensions are much the same, why is three-space so obvious while the time dimensions are hidden?
One reason is that most of the space flows (motions) along the time dimensions are instantaneous through wormholes
In order to see how this comes about, the reader should understand our concept of the Shadow World.
The idea of a shadow world has been around for a long time. String theorists predict that all the particles have a mirror image partner that is too heavy to detect. Also their E8 x E8 super symmetry seems to predict an invisible duplicate Shadow World.
Actually Einstein=s idea of particles being wormhole bridges between two 3D slices of space-time is closer to our idea of a shadow world (See Einstein=s quote in the link to Quantum Weirdness in the kalen web site). We think of gravity space as being an ether like super fluid that converges upon matter producing a black wormhole at the center of any mass particle. These wormholes are instantaneous connections between any real world particle and its shadow world counterpart.
Now, because distance and time do not exist inside of a wormhole; a real world particle and its shadow world antimatter counterpart can be thought of as one particle.
Space flows generate the real world, then flow through mass and charge wormholes to create the next slice of space-time which is the shadow world. Thus, time is essentially the instantaneous flow of space through mass to the next observable slice of space-time which we call the shadow world.
In order to visualize this better, we will omit one dimension and think of space-time as three dimensional. Consider a three dimensional object such as a human body. A slice through the body would be a two dimensional picture. One can think of the whole body as a series of these pictures. Visualize each picture slice as a moving picture frame. Imagine a two dimensional observer who could see these pictures projected sequentially in time. He could combine and see them as a 3D object: The human body. The third dimension would be time to this 2D observer.
We see that time can be the sequential observation of our real world of three-space along the next higher dimension which we call time. We call the next slice of space-time the shadow world.
We also see how the time dimensions can be hidden in wormholes, and the shadow world hidden behind wormholes
Kalen
Visit www.kalenuniverse.com
Time Physics Thoughts
Wellsian Temporal Theory | Time Trax | Bohm's Quantum Alternative 1/2 | Bohm's Quantum Alternative 2/2 | Spacelike vs Timelike | Tetra Space Coordinates | Source of Excess Energy | CTC Construct Prototype | Views of Time Travel | Tempus Codex | Space-Time | Is Time Travel Possible | Time Travel on Agenda | Time Machines | Why Time Travel is Possible